Ghostwriting tests for you¶

Writing tests with Hypothesis frees you from the tedium of deciding on and writing out specific inputs to test. Now, the hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter module can write your test functions for you too!

The idea is to provide an easy way to start property-based testing, and a seamless transition to more complex test code - because ghostwritten tests are source code that you could have written for yourself.

So just pick a function you’d like tested, and feed it to one of the functions below. They follow imports, use but do not require type annotations, and generally do their best to write you a useful test. You can also use our command-line interface:

$ hypothesis write --help
Usage: hypothesis write [OPTIONS] FUNC...

  `hypothesis write` writes property-based tests for you!

  Type annotations are helpful but not required for our advanced
  introspection and templating logic.  Try running the examples below to see
  how it works:

      hypothesis write gzip
      hypothesis write numpy.matmul
      hypothesis write pandas.from_dummies
      hypothesis write re.compile --except re.error
      hypothesis write --equivalent ast.literal_eval eval
      hypothesis write --roundtrip json.dumps json.loads
      hypothesis write --style=unittest --idempotent sorted
      hypothesis write --binary-op operator.add

Options:
  --roundtrip                 start by testing write/read or encode/decode!
  --equivalent                very useful when optimising or refactoring code
  --errors-equivalent         --equivalent, but also allows consistent errors
  --idempotent                check that f(x) == f(f(x))
  --binary-op                 associativity, commutativity, identity element
  --style [pytest|unittest]   pytest-style function, or unittest-style method?
  -e, --except OBJ_NAME       dotted name of exception(s) to ignore
  --annotate / --no-annotate  force ghostwritten tests to be type-annotated
                              (or not).  By default, match the code to test.
  -h, --help                  Show this message and exit.

Tip

Using a light theme? Hypothesis respects NO_COLOR and DJANGO_COLORS=light.

Note

The ghostwriter requires black, but the generated code only requires Hypothesis itself.

Note

Legal questions? While the ghostwriter fragments and logic is under the MPL-2.0 license like the rest of Hypothesis, the output from the ghostwriter is made available under the Creative Commons Zero (CC0) public domain dedication, so you can use it without any restrictions.

hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter.iskeyword()¶: x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.

hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter.magic(*modules_or_functions, except_=(), style='pytest', annotate=None)[source]¶

Guess which ghostwriters to use, for a module or collection of functions.

As for all ghostwriters, the except_ argument should be an Exception or tuple of exceptions, and style may be either "pytest" to write test functions or "unittest" to write test methods and TestCase.

After finding the public functions attached to any modules, the magic ghostwriter looks for pairs of functions to pass to roundtrip(), then checks for binary_operation() and ufunc() functions, and any others are passed to fuzz().

For example, try hypothesis write gzip on the command line!

hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter.fuzz(func, *, except_=(), style='pytest', annotate=None)[source]¶

Write source code for a property-based test of func.

The resulting test checks that valid input only leads to expected exceptions. For example:

from re import compile, error

from hypothesis.extra import ghostwriter

ghostwriter.fuzz(compile, except_=error)

Gives:

# This test code was written by the `hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter` module
# and is provided under the Creative Commons Zero public domain dedication.
import re

from hypothesis import given, reject, strategies as st

# TODO: replace st.nothing() with an appropriate strategy


@given(pattern=st.nothing(), flags=st.just(0))
def test_fuzz_compile(pattern, flags):
    try:
        re.compile(pattern=pattern, flags=flags)
    except re.error:
        reject()

Note that it includes all the required imports. Because the pattern parameter doesn’t have annotations or a default argument, you’ll need to specify a strategy - for example text() or binary(). After that, you have a test!

hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter.idempotent(func, *, except_=(), style='pytest', annotate=None)[source]¶

Write source code for a property-based test of func.

The resulting test checks that if you call func on it’s own output, the result does not change. For example:

from typing import Sequence

from hypothesis.extra import ghostwriter

def timsort(seq: Sequence[int]) -> Sequence[int]:
    return sorted(seq)

ghostwriter.idempotent(timsort)

Gives:

# This test code was written by the `hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter` module
# and is provided under the Creative Commons Zero public domain dedication.

from hypothesis import given, strategies as st


@given(seq=st.one_of(st.binary(), st.binary().map(bytearray), st.lists(st.integers())))
def test_idempotent_timsort(seq):
    result = timsort(seq=seq)
    repeat = timsort(seq=result)
    assert result == repeat, (result, repeat)

hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter.roundtrip(*funcs, except_=(), style='pytest', annotate=None)[source]¶

Write source code for a property-based test of funcs.

The resulting test checks that if you call the first function, pass the result to the second (and so on), the final result is equal to the first input argument.

This is a very powerful property to test, especially when the config options are varied along with the object to round-trip. For example, try ghostwriting a test for json.dumps() - would you have thought of all that?

hypothesis write --roundtrip json.dumps json.loads

hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter.equivalent(*funcs, allow_same_errors=False, except_=(), style='pytest', annotate=None)[source]¶

Write source code for a property-based test of funcs.

The resulting test checks that calling each of the functions returns an equal value. This can be used as a classic ‘oracle’, such as testing a fast sorting algorithm against the sorted() builtin, or for differential testing where none of the compared functions are fully trusted but any difference indicates a bug (e.g. running a function on different numbers of threads, or simply multiple times).

The functions should have reasonably similar signatures, as only the common parameters will be passed the same arguments - any other parameters will be allowed to vary.

If allow_same_errors is True, then the test will pass if calling each of the functions returns an equal value, or if the first function raises an exception and each of the others raises an exception of the same type. This relaxed mode can be useful for code synthesis projects.

hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter.binary_operation(func, *, associative=True, commutative=True, identity=Ellipsis, distributes_over=None, except_=(), style='pytest', annotate=None)[source]¶

Write property tests for the binary operation func.

While binary operations are not particularly common, they have such nice properties to test that it seems a shame not to demonstrate them with a ghostwriter. For an operator f, test that:

if associative, f(a, f(b, c)) == f(f(a, b), c)
if commutative, f(a, b) == f(b, a)
if identity is not None, f(a, identity) == a
if distributes_over is +, f(a, b) + f(a, c) == f(a, b+c)

For example:

ghostwriter.binary_operation(
    operator.mul,
    identity=1,
    distributes_over=operator.add,
    style="unittest",
)

hypothesis.extra.ghostwriter.ufunc(func, *, except_=(), style='pytest', annotate=None)[source]¶

Write a property-based test for the array ufunc func.

The resulting test checks that your ufunc or gufunc has the expected broadcasting and dtype casting behaviour. You will probably want to add extra assertions, but as with the other ghostwriters this gives you a great place to start.

hypothesis write numpy.matmul